Neglected Tropical Diseases

Mycobacteria are a group of pathogenic bacteria that cause diseases like leprosy and tuberculosis in humans. Now, a new study by scientists at Hiroshima University finds that mycobacteria are associated with red blood cells at lung infection sites, an interaction that has escaped scientific notice for 140 years since the discovery of the organism causing tuberculosis. The new research, published on March 16 in Microbiology Spectrum , illuminated the interaction of mycobacteria with red blood cells and its role in lung disease. Discovery of mycobacteria In 1882, German doctor Robert Koch isolated the disease agent that causes tuberculosis (TB) -- a bacteria later named Mycobacterium tuberculosis . His work validated French doctor Jean-Antoine Villemin's earlier evidence that tuberculosis was transmissible. While the use of streptomycin to treat TB would wait another 65 years, Koch's discovery of the bacterial culprit paved the way for its treatment. M. tuberculosis and ...

A hair transplant involves moving hair follicles from one part of the scalp to a balding area. It is generally a safe procedure, but sometimes rare complications can develop, including infection. Hair loss affects up to 85% of males and 40% of females , and the potential for hair loss increases with age. The incidence of infection is rare at less than 1% . Surgeons perform hair transplantation by numbing the scalp and removing a portion of the scalp that contains hairs. They then close this wound with stitches while individually removing follicular units from the donor skin. The surgical team will then clean the area of the scalp where they will transplant the hairs. They make tiny cuts in the areas receiving the donor hairs. The hairs surgeons place into the cuts are known as hair plugs. This article will explore: hair transplant infection symptoms causes risks treatment prevention healing time other side effects The incidence of infected hair plugs is extremely low at less than 1% ....

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This is a case of a 32-year-old woman who presented with melena, fever, and right upper quadrant pain, was diagnosed with enteric fever with gastric ulcer bleeding, and treated with antibiotics and proton pump inhibitor. Gastrointestinal bleeding has been reported in 10% of enteric fever patients [5]. However, most of the gastrointestinal bleedings with enteric fever reported in the literature were related to small intestine or colonic lesions. In one study, analyzing the endoscopic findings in patients with enteric fever and gastrointestinal bleeding, the most commonly affected site was the terminal ileum, followed by the ileocecal valve, ascending colon, and transverse colon. Multiple variable-sized punched-out ulcers with slightly elevated margins were representative endoscopic findings [8]. Although there are many studies on lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with enteric fever, upper gastrointestinal bleeding has rarely been reported in patients with enteric fever. There ...

For over three months, COVID cases have seen a sustained decline on a national level since the Omicron surge reached its peak on Jan. 14. However, the decrease in infections appears to be slowing, with the national daily average hovering around 30,000 over the past week, according to data from The Washington Post . Meanwhile, some states are already seeing surges in COVID cases as experts begin to warn that another national spike could be imminent. Fears of an upcoming increase in infections come as cases abroad have spiked due to the spread of the highly transmissible BA.2 Omicron subvariant, which has just become the dominant strain in the U.S. According to  The New York Times , in the last two weeks, cases went up by 45 percent in the U.K., 3 percent in Spain, and 94 percent in France. During a March 27 interview on BBC's  Sunday Morning , White House COVID adviser  Anthony Fauci , MD, s...

Gastrointestinal infection outbreaks halved during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic in England but bacterial pathogens declined the least, according to a study. Compared with the 5-year average from 2015 to 2019, there was a 52 percent decrease in such outbreaks in the first half of 2020 from 3,208 to 1,544. There was also a 34 percent decline in laboratory confirmed cases from 42,495 to 27,859. Changes may reflect a real reduction or be because of altered healthcare provision, health-seeking behavior or laboratory testing practices, found the study published in the journal BMJ Open. Maintain momentum Public health actions to slow the spread of COVID-19, such as improved hand hygiene, had a key role but several other factors also impacted the figures, said researchers. Control measures included better hand hygiene, reduced social contact, social distancing, increased environmental cleaning, and closure of premises. They added if this level of hygiene was...

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Pediatric intussusception has been reported to be associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in the literature since the start of the pandemic in the past two years. Although this occurrence is exceptionally rare, rapid diagnosis based on recognition of gastrointestinal manifestations, clinical examination, and ultrasound confirmation can expedite appropriate care and prevent delayed complications. Intussusception is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction and acute abdomen in pediatric patients. Without prompt identification, the disease process can lead to necrosis, bowel perforation, shock, and, subsequently, multiorgan failure. Intussusception has previously been associated with viral upper respiratory infections, which can cause mesenteric lymphadenopathy as a lead point to allow the bowel to telescope upon itself. The mechanism of how COVID-19 can contribute to intussusception without respiratory symptoms remains unknown. Here, we present a case of pe...

Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a contagious viral illness most common in infants and young children. However, adults can also develop the illness if they have exposure to the virus. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) can produce the same symptoms in adults as in children, but adults are more likely than children to be asymptomatic. This article discusses the symptoms and treatment of HFMD in adults. Share on Pinterest This image shows how hand, foot, and mouth disease presents on the hands. Karl_BlaoStock/Shutterstock According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , HFMD is generally not serious in adults or children. The CDC note that most people, regardless of their age, recover from HFMD in 7–10 days without medical treatment. The American Academy of Dermatology Association state that most adults do not experience symptoms if they contract HFMD. Those who do will generally have benign symptoms. Complications that require medical intervention occur only very ra...

COVID-19 is the disease caused by the novel coronavirus. While many people who become sick with COVID-19 experience a mild or moderate illness, some can develop serious symptoms that require hospitalization. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there have been over 33 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the United States. Since COVID-19 vaccines have been rolled out, the rate of new cases is trending downward. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fatigue, fever, and cough. However, some people may experience less common symptoms. One of these is rash. Below, we explore what COVID-19 rashes look like, how they can be treated, and when it's important to see a doctor. Some individuals with COVID-19 may develop a rash. While skin symptoms have been reported in adults and children, most available research centers on adults. A 2020 meta-analysis of 2,261 people with COVID-19 estimated that the prevalence of skin symptoms was about 1 percent....

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a rare pathogen that causes yersiniosis, a foodborne disease that has become more prevalent in recent years . Yersiniosis commonly causes gastrointestinal symptoms; however, bacteremia can be the primary clinical finding. Here, we report the case of an 83-year-old man who presented with fever and fatigue and was diagnosed with Y. pseudotuberculosis bacteremia. Gastrointestinal findings were absent at the time of admission. His condition was complicated by rhabdomyolysis, which was self-limiting and resolved spontaneously. This case reveals that fever may be the only clinical sign of invasive yersiniosis and that it can be complicated by rhabdomyolysis. Clinicians should consider Y. pseudotuberculosis as a potential causative pathogen in patients with a fever of unknown origin and rhabdomyolysis. Introduction Yersinia species are gram-negative nonsporulating coccobacilli belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Out of 17 species in the Yersi...